Comparison of Lojban and Toaq

Comparison of Lojban and Toaq
Lojban Toaq
Stress segments words Tones, stress, and vowel length segment words
.i begins sentences Illocution marker ends sentence
Usually SVO: .i mi cusku ra do VSO: Kuq jí hóq súq da.
brivla, sumti, cmavo Verb, noun form, particle
cnima'o: .ui .ua .ue Interjection: aja, â, obe!
vocatives: coi ki'e Interjection: jadı, kıjı!
gismu Root
lujvo Compound word
No equivalent, jvajvo-ish Serial verb
doi sumti hóı NP
zo .djan. cmene la .djan. Chua shú «Jaq» mí Jaq.
Singular logic and "xorlo" Plural logic
su'o, ro, lo, le… No equivalent, instead…
su'oi, ro'oi, ro'oi pa, ru'oi Determiners: sá, tú, túq
lo'au, ri'oi, dau'u Determiners: , , rising tone
BY, ko'V, vo'V Anaphoric pronouns, rising tone
No real equivalent, lo'e-ish Kinds and báq
prenex zo'u stmt Topic comment, Cleft verb
lo du'u … Content clause: ꝡä
lo nu … Event accessor: é
lo ka … ce'u … Property: … já …
poi … ke'a … Restrictive relative clause: hóa
noi … ke'a … Incidental relative clause: hóa
lo poi'i … ke'a … Free relative: ꝡéhóa
noi'a Adverbials hiatus tone, namely:
— noi'a melbi Adverb:
— noi'a zvati be lo purdi Preposition: tî sóaq
noi'o'a fengu Subject-sharing adverbial: fêı
ja ji je jonai jo'u ra rı ru ro roı
lu … li'u mó … teo
to … toi kïo … kı
pareci mei'i fue guheı saq (hundred two-ten three)
gismu have max. 5 places Roots have max. 3
se, te, ve, xe Passivizers
Absent in Toaq:
rafsi Compounds retain unabbreviated word forms
zi'evla / fu'ivla Not distinguished from roots
tanru No equivalent. Use po or serials
mekso Use normal grammar or math notation
lerfu No special grammar
ga … gi … No forethought connectives
zo'e, fV Absent, must fill places in order
ka'e, na'o, pu, zi, na… Auxiliary verbs are just verbs
sumti tcita Use any verb as a preposition
lo'u, le'u, zoi See Foreign quotation