Tone
Toaq is a tonal language. It has tones! That is: saying a word with a rising or falling vocal intonation, for example, makes for a difference in meaning.
Function of tones
Toaq has grammatical tone: when you change the tone of a word, its grammatical function changes (for example dẻ “is beautiful” → dẽ “beautifully”).
(This is in contrast to lexical tone, like in Chinese: there, when you change the tone of a syllable, it becomes a different word (lexeme) entirely. For example 西 xı̄ “west” → 媳 xí “daughter-in-law”.)
Tones
- The falling tone
is used for verbs, predicatizers, and adjectives. (fa “goes”, kúe gı “the good book”, … po káto “… of the cat”) - The rising tone
is used for nouns, determiners, and pronouns. (káto “the cat”, sá kato “some cat(s)”, jí “I/me”) - The low glottal tone
is used for complementizers and clause-initiating words. (ꝡä gı “that it’s good”) - The rising-falling tone
is for adverbial adjuncts.
Interaction with parts of speech
This table shows how the four tones interact with Toaq's parts of speech:
| Falling tone
|
Rising tone
|
Glottal tone
|
Rising-falling tone
| |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb |
|
Bound variable | Adjunct | |
| Pronoun | Argument | Incorporated object | ||
| Determiner | Argument | Incorporated object | ||
| Complementizer | Speech act complement | Subclause head | Incorporated object | |
| Interjection | Interjection | Inquiry | Expression of empathy | |
| Speech act particle | Lexical tone (i.e. dâ and da are simply different lexemes) | |||
| Focus particle | Steals tone from head if possible, otherwise echoes it | |||
| Conjunction | Highest precedence | Default precedence | Second highest precedence | |
Toaq Gamma
Tones worked quite differently back in Toaq Gamma.
Verb tones
Every verb can be "conjugated" into one of six tones, each of which expresses some grammatical function:
- (see History section for why there is no tone #1)
- The rising tone
marks a noun or bound variable. (súq “you”, sa pỏq… póq “some person… that person”) - The rising-creaky tone
marks the start of a relative clause. (gï “which is good”) - The falling tone
marks a verb phrase, or the tail of a serial. (fả “goes”, bũ dẻ “not-beautifully”) - The rising-falling tone
marks the start of a content clause. (gî “that it's good”) - The mid-falling tone
marks a preposition. (bìe ní “after that”) - The falling creaky tone
marks an adverb. (dẽ “beautifully”)
Sometimes people will say “the fifth tone” or “t5” instead of “the rising-falling tone”.
Possible new tone scheme
Main Article: Main verb tone
On 21 August 2022, Hoemaı mentioned trying to settle on a new tone scheme.
— adjunct (adverbs and prepositions)- — nouns or bound variable
- — allotone of ; alternatively if adverbs and prepositions stay separate, it would take one of those functions
- — tail of a serial
- — relative clauses
- — main verb
- — content clauses
— particles
— allotone of
Neutral tone
Particles, on the other hand, are in the neutral tone (aka the 8th tone), which is not really a tone. The only rule is that you don't continue the contour of the previous tone. So, when saying a particle after the falling tone , you should go up in pitch to break the falling contour. This way, the listener can tell the difference between lẻ moq and lẻmoq.
History
There used to be a flat tone , which marked the continuation of a multisyllable word. But now, the tone contour is spread out over the whole word. This was tone #1, but now it is gone. So we start counting from #2, because it would be more confusing to re-number them.
The rising-creaky tone used to be dipping , and was just “creaky”.
Lexical tone
Toaq actually does have a little bit of lexical tone. For example, moq (question marker) and môq (rhetorical question marker) are different lexemes.
More subtly, lâ is not + lả. Rather, each of and lả is a complementizer in its own right. So really lâ is also its own complementizer, of which is an allomorph.