FAQ

The grammar seems very simple. Am I overlooking something?

✅ It is simple! You do not need to learn a lot of rules to be able to say a lot. More bang for your buck.

How many tones are there?

✅ 4 tones.

See article

Tone

What does tone X do?

✅ See the following table:

	Falling tone	Rising tone	Glottal tone	Rising-falling tone
Verb	Verbal complex Serial tail Adjective Determiner complement	Bound variable		Adjunct
Pronoun		Argument		Incorporated object
Determiner		Argument		Incorporated object
Complementizer	Speech act complement		Subclause head	Incorporated object
Interjection	Interjection	Inquiry		Expression of empathy
Speech act particle	Lexical tone (i.e.  (da) and  (dâ) are simply different lexemes)
Focus particle	Steals tone from head if possible, otherwise echoes it
Conjunction	Highest precedence	Default precedence		Second highest precedence

How do you pronounce X?

✅ Please refer to https://toaq.net/refgram/phonology/.

Is there a way to check whether my sentence is correct?

✅ Yes, using one of the online parsers:

• https://toaq.net/zugai/ (Gamma, in-development, may lack some features, but produces detailed output)
• https://toaq.net/peg/ (Beta, produces a simplistic tree; may accept some incorrect inputs)
• https://toaq.herokuapp.com/ (outdated)

If you're on Discord or Telegram, you can also use commands like %english %logic %structure (for Zugaı) and %miu for the outdated Mıu; more bot commands are listed here.

How do I type the tone marks/symbols/diacritics?

✅ Please see Input methods.

Where does the Toaq logo come from?

✅ It's original.

Are the Toaq logo, flag, or colors based on the transgender flag?

✅ No, it's a coincidence that they share the same colors.

Is "Toaq" based on the word "tongue" or "tone"?

✅ It is not, in fact. But that's an interesting coincidence. Might be a good mnemonic.

How are roots created?

✅ A priori, based on my intuition. I usually have to think long and hard and feel my options out before I decide what root to assign to a concept.

Where can I find a dictionary?

✅ Here: http://www.toaq.org/dictionary/ and here: https://uakci.pl/toadua/. The latter is a collaborative dictionary to which everyone can contribute.

How do I answer a yes/no question in Toaq?

✅ In ascending order of verbosity and formality:

nho	zı
jẽo	bũ
Nủ da.	Bủ nủ da.
Jẻo hóq da.	Bủ hóq da.

Is Toaq easy/difficult/hard?

✅ If you can handle the tones, which I believe anyone can, then it's really not a difficult language to become decent at.

X seems to be missing from the language. Why does Toaq not have X?

✅ Part of the philosophy behind the initial design was that I didn't want to over-engineer the language. Lojban (to name a random example) started out with a boatload of complicated rules that turned out not to be beneficial. I would rather start out with too few rules and only add extensions when it's clearly needed, avoiding clutter.

In doing so, I'm also giving the language the chance to grow organically with the help of its speakers.

Is there really a glottal stop in the ä tone?

✅ Yes.

How new/old is Toaq?

✅ The current version was published in December 2022. The very first version alpha version was published in 2013.

What's the difference between ceo and sho?

✅ sho means something undergoes a change such that it ends up satisfying the second place.

ceo says that a thing begins to be the case, which can be said of things that don't priorly exist or are the case. sho on the other hand can be said of things that already exist; they merely undergo a change that makes them become such that they now have a certain property they previously did not.

Both are appropriate in most situations.

What's the process for creating taxonomic vocabulary (animals/plants)?

✅ The process follows these steps:

1. Find the scientific name of the animal or plant

   Let's use butterfly and spider as examples.

2. Check the etymology of the name.

   For "butterfly" the order is called "Lepidoptera", for "spider" we get "Araneae"

3. If the name is a compound, make a calque of the compound.

   This is the case for "Lepidoptera", which is put together from λεπίς (lepís, "scale") and πτερόν (pterón, "wing").

   Translating "scale wing", we arrive at the Toaq word for butterfly: tıqshoaı

4. If the name is not a compound, follow the etymology as far back as possible, then borrow that word.*

   This is the case for "Araneae", which can be traced back to Ancient Greek ἀράχνη (arákhnē). Toaq-ifying yields arane, which is our word for spider.

What's the vowel order?

✅ A U I O E

How can I join the discord server?

✅ Use this invite link: https://discord.gg/qDqDsH9

See article

Discord

How can I join the Telegram groups?

✅ Use these invite links:

• ✅ general: https://t.me/joinchat/CWpuWUMl0JeW7-TdO6PnAQ
• ✅ chiejio: https://t.me/joinchat/CWpuWUPKUdAiT7KR6SiE7w
• ✅ toaq-only: https://t.me/joinchat/CWpuWUSC9pqnzPyufkQsrA
• ✅ toashuaq: https://t.me/joinchat/CWpuWUvrHSdLL3JneDjp9Q
• ✅ off-topic: https://t.me/joinchat/CWpuWVJC8_-EMukIAjMfYQ

What's a tonal pangram?

✅ In the broadest sense, a tonal pangram is a sentence that contains each tone at least once. In a more narrow sense, it is a sentence that contains each tone exactly once. The latter is a form of Toaq poetry.

What's the terminator of X?

✅ Unlike some other loglangs like Lojban and Loglan, modern Toaq doesn't feature any terminators at all! Instead, clauses can be closed by filling every argument, cleft structures, and connecting with a conjunction to another clause in the same scope.

Is there an automatic interpreter of Toaq? Is there a translator from Toaq to logic notation?

✅ Indeed there is!

Go to https://toaq.net/zugai/ and select logic. Note that Zugaı is still in development, so some things may not work as expected.

See article

Zugaı

How do you say "I'm making some coffee" in Toaq?

☕ 404 (Baı jí báq kafe.)

What does kú ("focus") mean?

✅ Here's an explanation: https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2018/06/01/on-the-logic-of-ku/

Is there a way to mark contrastive focus or emphasis?

✅ Yes, by using béı in front the word.

What's the system for referring to nationalities/languages/countries?

✅ This is the system:

Take the country's native name or the native adjective describing the nationality and borrow it. This borrowing now refers generically to anything having to do with the country or its culture.

For example, Juqguo ("China") means "to be Chinese, to be of China, its languages or people".

Faraqse means "French".

To refer more specifically to the country, add gua ("country").

Juqguogua, "China".

Faraqsegua, "France".

To refer to a language, add zu ("language").

Faraqsezu, "the French language".

Juqguozu is ambiguous between the many languages of China, "a Chinese language".

What are the numbers from 1 to 10?

✅ They are as follows:

1️⃣	shı
2️⃣	gu
3️⃣	saq
4️⃣	jo
5️⃣	fe
6️⃣	cı
7️⃣	dıaı
8️⃣	roaı
9️⃣	neı
1️⃣0️⃣	heı

What are the numbers from 20 to 99?

✅ They are as follows:

20	=	guheı
30	=	saqheı
40	=	joheı
50	=	feheı
60	=	cıheı
70	=	dıaıheı
80	=	roaıheı
90	=	neıheı
21	=	guheı shı
34	=	saqheı jo
83	=	roaıheı saq

What's with the ı / i without dot / dotless i?

✅ Writing ı without the dot distinguishes it more from an i that carries a tone mark, it also makes more room for an adjacent tone mark. Overall, it just makes things easier to read.

See article

Latin writing system

How do I do an indirect quote?

✅ Use ꝡä+predicate with ruaq or duatua for indirect assertions and duasue for indirect questions:

• Ruaq hó ꝡä bu tı hó chíejıo. = "She says [that] she isn't at school."

Duatua hó jí ꝡä tı hó hí raı. = "He told me where he is."

Duasue hó jí ꝡä bua jí hí raı. = "They asked me where I live."

Is there a memrise deck?

✅ There is, but it is outdated: https://www.memrise.com/course/1974691/toaq-simple-predicates-2018-06-03/

Is there a frequency list?

✅ Why yes! Look here: https://gist.github.com/lynn/c8c6f904d4e5c29a6b2533a7ac05680a

Is there a list of translated sentences?

✅ We are working on it!

See: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1bCQoaX02ZyaElHiiMcKHFemO4eV1MEYmYloYZgOAhac/edit#gid=1395088029

Is there a subreddit?

✅ Yes: https://old.reddit.com/r/Toaq/

What's the hashtag?

✅ We're using #miToaq for now.

What are the personal pronouns?

✅ Toaq's 'pronouns' are verbs. Instead of a word for "I/me", there's a verb meaning "to be me". These are the personal reference predicates:

me					=	jí	I, me
		you			=	súq	you
		you			=	súna	you (plural)
				they	=	nháo	they/them, he/him, she/her
				they	=	nhána	they/them (plural)
		you	+	they	=	súo	you all
me	+	you			=	úmı	we, us
me			+	they	=	ínhe	we, us
me	+	you	+	they	=	ámao	we, us

See article

Pronoun

How do you make a plural? How do you pluralize a noun?

✅ Toaq nouns are not inflected for grammatical number. Any noun can refer to one or more things. When necessary, singular and plural can be made explicit:

• To specify a singular, use nẹshı ("one") as an adjective.

  Example: jío nẹshı "the [one] building" (explicit singular)

• To specify a plural, use puq ("multiple") as an adjective.

  Example: jío puq "the [more than one] buildings" (explicit plural).

Marking number is never required. It is usually obvious (or not terribly important) whether something is one thing or more than one thing. When in doubt, read a bare noun as plural unless context suggests otherwise.

What does it mean when a function word is written in all caps? / What function word classes are there?

✅ In discussions about Toaq grammar, a function word in all caps usually refers to a function word class. Function words that share the same grammar are grouped together in a class. This class is usually named after its most prominent member. For example, the words da, ba, ka and moq have the same grammar, and their class is named da. We say, for instance, that "móq is in da".

Knowing these classes is useful, because once you have learned how to use one member of a class, you automatically know how to use every other member of the same class, too (syntactically speaking). If a sentence is grammatically correct with one member of a class, then substituting it with any other member of the same class will retain the same grammatical structure. The grammar does not distinguish between individual members of a class.

See article

Particle

These are the classes and their members:

da	da, ba, ka, móq, nha, ꝡó
sa	sá, sía, tú, túq, já, ké, hí, báq, hú, ní
ru	rú, rá, ró, rí, róı, kéo
to	to
ꝡa	ꝡa, ma, tıo
bı	bı
po	po, jeı, mea
ju	ju, la
ku	ku, beı, mao, tou, juaq
hu	hu, jıbı/jıy
kıo	(kıo
kı	kı
mı	mı, mıru
mo	mo
teo	teo
shu	shu
na	na

What's up with the letter q in this language? Pronunciation / allophones of q

✅ q is somewhat special and its pronunciation may not be immediately obvious. It is usually pronounced like English ⟨ng⟩ (IPA [ŋ]), but it has the optional allophones [n] and [m]. The use of the letter Q is a nod to Rex May’s Ceqli, an international auxiliary language with loglang elements; it’s also found in natural languages such as Fijian (where it represents [ᵑɡ], to be exact).

The [n] and [m] allophones these rules:

• The default pronunciation is IPA [ŋ], and it keeps this pronunciation before m, f, n, s, r, l, nh, sh, g, k, ', h, and at the end of a breath group.
• Before d, t, z, c, j, ch, it is pronounced [n].
• Before b, p, it is pronounced [m].

Examples:

kaqgaı → [kʰaŋ.gaɪ] ("to see")

jaq de → [d͡ʑan.dɛ:] ("to be very beautiful")

baq bego → [bam.bɛ.go] ("beech trees in general")

Again, these allophones are optional; it is acceptable to use [ŋ] in all positions.

What are the words for the days of the week and for the months?

✅ The names for the days of the week are based on the colors of the rainbow, starting with red on Monday and ending with purple on Sunday:

Mon	kıachaq
Tue	naraqchaq
Wed	luechaq
Thu	rıqchaq
Fri	kuaochaq
Sat	mıochaq
Sun	loachaq

The months use compounds of the number of the month + jue ("month"):

January	shıjue
February	gujue
March	saqjue
April	jojue
May	fejue
June	cıjue
July	dıaıjue
August	roaıjue
September	neıjue
October	heıjue
November	heıshıjue
December	heıgujue

What's the difference between an indirect question and a ꝡé phrase?

✅ The distinction is extremely important logically speaking, but English usually conflates the two, so many people overlook the difference. The following example illustrates the difference:

1. Dua jí ꝡä chı súq hí raı. = "I know what you believe"
2. Dua jí ꝡé chı súq hóa. = "I know what you believe"

Let's say that what you believe is [God exists].

1. says that I know that you believe [God exists], because I know what it is that you believe
2. says that I know [God exists], because I know that which you believe.

Does Toaq have a flag?

✅ This is a candidate design: